The  Science  of 

Animal  Locomotion 

(Zoopraxography) 

An  Electro-Photographic  Investigation  of 

Consecutive  Phases  of  Animal 
Movements 

By 

Eadweard  Muybridge 

Executed  and  Published  under  the  Auspices  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania 

Description  of  the  Apparatus 

Results  of  the  Investigation 

Diagrams 

Prospectus 

List  of  Subscribers 


Eadweard  Muybridge 

University   of  Pennsylvania, 
Philadelphia 


or 

Henrietta  Street 

Covent  Garden 
London 


THE  SCIENCE  OF 


ANIMAL  LOCOMOTION 


AN  ELECTRO-PHOTOGRA.PHIC  INVESTIGATION  OF 


CONSECUTIVE  PHASES  OF  ANIMAL  MOVEMENTS 


EADWEARD  MUYBRIDGE 


EXECUTED  AND  PUBLISHED  UNDEE  THE  AUSPICES  OF  THE 


UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  APPARATUS 

RESULTS  OF  THE  INVESTIGATION 

DIAGRAMS 

PROSPECTUS 

LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS 


EADWEAED  MUYBRIDGE 

UNIVERSITY    OF  PENNSYLVANIA 
PHILADELPHIA 


(ZOOPRAXOGRAPHY) 


BY 


OR 


10  HENRIETTA  STREET, 

COVENT  GARDEN 

londo:n^ 


ANIMAL  LOCOMOTION. 

(ZOOPRAXOGKAPHY.) 


INTRODUCTORY. 

In  1872,  the  author  of  the  present  work  in  Sacramento, 
California,  commenced  an  investigation  with  the  object  of 
illustrating  by  photography  some  phases  of  animal  move- 
ments. In  that  year  his  experiments  were  made  with  a 
famous  horse — Occident,  owned  by  Senator  Stanford — 
and  photographs  were  made,  which  illustrated  several 
phases  of  action  while  the  horse  was  trotting  at  full  speed, 
laterally,  in  front  of  the  camera. 

The  experiments  were  desultorily  continued ;  but  it  was 
not  until  1877  that  the  results  of  any  of  them  were  pub- 
lished. 

In  the  meanwhile  he  devised  an  automatic  electro- 
photographic apparatus,  for  the  purpose  of  making  con- 
secutive photographic  exposures  at  regulated  intervals  of 
time  or  of  distance.  Some  of  the  results  of  his  experi- 
ments with  this  apparatus,  which  illustrated  successive 
phases  of  the  action  of  horses  while  walking,  trotting, 
galloping,  &c.,  were  published  in  1878,  with  the  title  of 
''The  Horse  in  Motion."  Copies  of  these  photographs  were 
deposited  the  same  year  in  the  Library  of  Congress  at 
Washington,  and  some  of  them  found  their  way  to  Berlin, 
London,  Paris,  Vienna,  &c.,  where  they  were  commented 
upon  by  the  journals  of  the  day. 


4 


ANIMAL  LOCOMOTION, 


In  1882,  during  a  lecture  on  "The  Science  of  Animal 
Locomotion  in  its  relation  to  Design  in  Art,"  given  at  the 
Koyal  Institution  (see  Proceedings  of  the  Eoyal  Institu- 
tion of  Great  Britain,  March  13,  1882),  he  exhibited  the 
results  of  some  of  his  experiments  made  during  a  few 
antecedent  years  at  Palo  Alto,  California  ;  when  he,  with 
the  zoopraxiscope  and  an  oxy-hydrogen  lantern,  projected 
on  the  wall  a  synthesis  of  many  of  the  actions  he  had 
analysed. 

It  may  not  be  considered  irrelevant  if  he  repeats  what 
lie  on  that  occasion  said  in  his  analysis  of  the  quadrupedal 
walk : — 

"  So  far  as  the  camera  has  revealed,  these  successive 
foot  fallings  are  invariable,  and  are  probably  common  to 

all  quadrupeds  

It  is  also  highly  probable  that  these  photographic  in- 
vestigations— which  were  executed  with  wet  collodion 
plates,  with  exposures  not  exceeding  in  some  instances 
the  one  five-thousandth  part  of  a  second — will  dispel  many 
popular  illusions  as  to  the  gait  of  a  horse,  and  that  future 
and  more  exhaustive  experiments,  with  the  advantages 
of  recent  chemical  discoveries,  will  completely  unveil  to 
the  artist  all  the  visible  muscular  action  of  men  and 

animals  during  their  most  rapid  movements  

The  employment  of  automatic  apparatus  for  the  pur- 
pose of  obtaining  a  regulated  succession  of  photogi'aphic 
exposures  is  too  recent  for  its  value  to  be  properly  under- 
stood, or  to  be  generally  used  for  scientific  experiment. 
At  some  future  time  the  explorer  for  hidden  truths  will 
find  it  indispensable  for  his  investigations." 

In  1883,  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  with  an  en- 
lightened exercise  of  its  functions  as  a  contributor  to 
human  knowledge,  instructed  the  author  to  make,  under 
its  auspices,  a  comprehensive  investigation  of  ''Animal 
Locomotion  "  in  the  broadest  significance  of  the  words. 


INTRODUCTORY.  5 

A  Diagram  of  the  Studio 
and  the  arrangement  of  the  apparatus  used  for  this 
purpose  is  here  given. 

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6 


ANIAfAL  LOCOMOTION. 


T  T  represents  the  track  along  which  the  model  M  was 
caused  to  move.  B  B  are  backgrounds,  divided  into 
spaces  of  5  centimetres  square  for  the  measurement  of 
trajectories  and  synchronal  oscillations. 

L,  a  horizontal  battery  of  electro-photographic  cameras^ 
parallel  to  the  line  of  motion  (at  a  distance  of  15  metres 
or  about  48  feet  therefrom),  for  a  series  of  12  lateral 
exposures. 

R,  a  vertical  battery  of  electro-photographic  cameras, 
at  right  angles  to  the  lateral  battery,  for  a  series  of  12 
rear  foreshortenings. 

F,  a  horizontal  battery  of  electro-photographic  cameras, 
at  any  suitable  angle  to  the  lateral  battery  for  a  series  of 
front  foreshortenings. 

0,  the  position  of  the  electric  batteries,  a  chronograph 
and  other  apparatus  used  in  the  investigation. 

A  clock-work  apparatus,  set  in  motion  at  the  will  of  the 
operator,  distributed  a  series  of  electric  currents,  and 
synchronously  effected  consecutive  exposures  in  each  of 
the  three  batteries  of  cameras. 

The  intervals  of  exposures  were  recorded  by  the  chrono- 
graph, and  divided  into  thousandths  of  a  second.  These 
intervals  could  be  varied  at  will  from  seventeen  one- 
thousandth  parts  of  a  second  to  several  seconds. 

The  task  of  making  the  original  negatives  was  com- 
pleted in  1885  ;  the  remaining  years  have  been  devoted 
to  the  preparation  of  the  work  for  publication. 


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8 


ANIMAL  LOCOMOTION. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  PLATES. 

The  results  of  this  investigation  are 

Seven  Hundred  and  Eighty-one  Sheets  of  Illustrations, 

containing  more  than  20,000  figures  of  men,  women,  and 
children,  animals  and  birds,  actively  engaged  in  walking, 
galloping,  flying,  working,  jumping,  fighting,  dancing, 
playing  at  base-ball,  cricket,  and  other  athletic  games,  or 
other  actions  incidental  to  every-day  life,  which  illustrate 
motion  or  the  play  of  muscles. 

These  sheets  of  illustrations  are  conventionally  called 
"  plates." 

Each  plate  illustrates  the  successive  phases  of  a  single 
action,  photographed  with  automatic  electro- photographic 
apparatus  at  regulated  and  accurately  recorded  intervals 
of  time,  consecittively  from  one  point  of  view ;  or,  consem- 
tively  AND  synchronously  from  tivo,  or  from  three  points  of 
view. 

Each  Plate  is  complete  in  itself  without  reference  to 
any  other  Plate. 

When  the  complete  series  of  twelve  consecutive  ex- 
posures, from  each  of  the  three  points  of  view,  are  included 
in  One  Plate,  the  arrangement  is  usually  thus : — 


Laterals. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

(3 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

Rear  Foreshortenings  from 
points  of  view  on  the 
same  vertical  line,  at  an 
angle  of  90°  from  the 
Laterals. 

i  1 

2 

o 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

1 

2 

8 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

Front  Foreshortenings  from 
points  of  view  on  the  same 
horizontal  plane,  at  suit- 
able angles  from  the  Late- 
rals. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  PLATES, 


9 


The  plates  are  not  photographs  in  the  common  accepta- 
tion of  the  word,  but  are  printed  in  Permanent  Ink,  from 
gelatinised  copper-plates,  by  the  New  York  Photo-Gravure 
Company,  on  thick  linen  plate-paper. 

The  size  of  the  paper  is  45  x  60  centimetres — 19  x  24 
inches,  and  the  printed  surface  varies  from  15  x  45  to 
20  X  30  centimetres— 6  x  18  to  9  x  12  inches. 

The  number  of  figures  on  each  plate  varies  from  12  to 
36. 

To  publish  so  great  a  number  of  plates  as  one  undivided 
work  was  considered  unnecessary,  for  each  subject  tells  its 
own  story ;  and  inexpedient,  for  it  would  defeat  the  object 
which  the  University  had  in  view,  and  limit  its  acquisition 
to  wealthy  individuals,  large  Libraries,  or  Institutions 
where  it  would  be  beyond  the  reach  of  many  who  might 
desire  to  study  it. 

It  has,  therefore,  been  decided  to  issue  a  series  of  One 
Hundred  Plates,  which  number,  for  the  purposes  of  publi- 
cation, will  be  considered  as  a  "  copy  "  of  the  work.  These 
one  hundred  plates  will  probably  meet  the  requirements  of 
the  greater  number  of  the  subscribers. 

In  accordance  with  this  view  is  issued  the  following 


PROSPECTUS 


10  ANIMAL  LOCOMOTION. 

ANIMAL  LOCOMOTION, 

AN  ELECTRO-PHOTOGRAPHIC  INVESTIGATION  OF  CONSECUTIVE  PHASES 
OF  ANIMAL  MOVEMENTS, 

BY 

EADWEARD  MUYBRIDGE. 

1872-1885. 

PUBLISHED  UNDER  THE  AUSPICES  OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY    OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 

'      Exclusively  hy  Subscription. 

CONSISTING  OF  A  SERIES  OF 

ONE   HUNDRED  PLATES, 

AT  A  SUBSCRIPTION  PRFCE  OF 

One  Hundred  Dollars 

For  the  United  States,  or 

Twenty  Guineas 

For  Great  Britain ; 

Or  the  equivalent  of  Twenty  Guineas  in  the  gold  currency 
of  other  countries  in  Europe. 

This  will  be  for 
Austria, 

Two  Hundred  and  Ten  Florins ; 

Belgium,  France,  Italy,  and  Switzerland, 

Five  Hundred  and  Twenty-five  Francs ; 

Germany, 

Four  Hundred  and  Twenty  Marks ; 

Holland, 

Two  Hundred  and  Fifty  G  uilders. 


PROSPECTUS, 


11 


The  Plates  are  enclosed  in  a  strong,  canvas-lined,  full 
American-Eussia  Leather  Portfolio. 

For  the  purpose  of  placing  all  of  the  subscribers  upon 
an  equal  footing  in  regard  to  cost,  a  copy  of  the  work  will 
be  sent  in  the  portfolio,  and  packed  between  boards,  to  any- 
well-established  Institution,  or  to  any  subscriber,  properly 
endorsed,  to  any  city  in  Central  or  Western  Europe,  or  in 
the  United  States. 

Freight  Charges  Paid, 

if  so  requested,  to  the  railway  station,  with  the  under- 
standing that  the  subscription  price  is  remitted  within 
one  week  of  the  day  of  the  arrival  of  the  work  at  the 
station. 

Custom  duties,  or  any  other  expenses,  if  any,  at  the  cost 
of  the  subscriber. 

Additional  Plates  in  any  required  number  will  be  sup- 
plied to  the  subscriber  at  the  same  proportionate  rate  ; 
these,  however,  must  be  ordered  at  the  same  time  as  the 
subscription  Plates. 

The  Plates  will  be  supplied 

Exclusively  to  Subscribers. 

It  was  considered  inadvisable  to  make  an  arbitrary  selec- 
tion of  the  one  hundred  Plates  offered  to  subscribers,  and 
with  the  object  of  meeting,  as  far  as  possible,  their  diverse 
requirements,  they  are  invited  to  make  their  own  selection, 
either  from  the  subjoined  list  of  subjects,  or  from  a  detailed 
catalogue,  which  will  be  forwarded  free  of  expense  to  every 
subscriber. 


12 


ANIMAL  LOCOMOTION, 


The  following  are  the  numbers  of  Plates  published  of 
each  class  of  subjects,  from  which  the  subscriber's  selection 
can  be  made  : — 

Class.  Plates  Published. 

1.  Men,       draped  6 

2.  „  pelvis  cloth  72 

3.  nude   .  .133 

4.  Women,  draped  60 

5.  ,,        transparent  drapery  and  semi-nude    .       .  63 

6.  „        nude   180 

7.  Children,  draped  I 

8.  ,,        nude         .......  15 

9.  Movements  of  a  man's  hand     .....  5 

10.  Abnormal  movements,  men  and  v^omen,  nude  and 

semi- nude  27 

11.  Horses  walking,  trotting,  galloping,  jumping,  &c.    .  95 

12.  Mules,  oxen,  dogs,  cats,  goats,  and  other  domestic 

animals  40 

13.  Lions,  elephants,  buffaloes,  camels,  deer,  and  other 

wild  animals  57 

14.  Pigeons,  vultures,  ostriches,  eagles,  cranes,  and  other 

birds  27 

Total  number  of  Plates       .       .       .  .781 
Containing  more  than  20,000  Figures. 

Should  the  selection  be  made  from  the  Catalogue,  it  will  be 
advisable  to  give  the  Author  permission  to  change  any  one 
of  the  selected  Plates  for  any  other  illustrating  the  same 
action,  if,  in  his  judgment,  the  substituted  Plate  illustrates 
that  action  with  a  better  model,  or  in  a  more  perfect  manner 
than  the  one  selected. 

With  regard  to  the  selection  of  Plates,  however,  it  has  been 
found  by  experience  that  unless  any  special  subject  or  plate 
is  required  it  will  be  more  satisfactory  to  the  subscriber  if 
he  gives  the  Author  GENERAL  INSTRUCTIONS  as  to  the 
CLASS  of  subjects  desired  and  to  leave  the  SPECIFIC 
selection  to  him. 

Many  of  the  large  Libraries  and  Art  or  Science  Institu- 
tions in  America  and  in  Europe  have  subscribed  for,  and 


VALEDICTORY. 


have  now  in  their  possession,  a  complete  series  of  the  seven 
hundred  and  eighty-one  Plates,  the  subscription  price  for 
which  is 

Five  Hundred  Dollars 
in  the  United  States, 

One  Hundred  Guineas 
in  Great  Britain  for  the  complete  series,  in  eight  full 
American-Eussia  leather  portfolios,  or  if  bound  in  eleven 
volumes,  each  plate  hinged^  full  American-Eussia  leather, 

Five  Hundred  and  Fifty  Dollars 
in  the  United  States, 

One  Hundred  and  Ten  Guineas 
in  Great  Britain  ;  or  its  equivalent  for  anv  city  in  Central 
or  Western  Europe. 

Subscribers  who  wish  to  make  use  of  these  Plates  for  the 
promotion  or  diffusion  of  knowledge,  or  for  artistic  or 
scientific  purposes,  will  be  afforded  facilities  for  acquiring 
working  copies  by  special  arrangement  with  the  Author. 

YALEDICTOEY. 

* 

This  is  not  exactly  the  place  nor  the  time  for  the  Author 
to  express  his  obligations  and  thanks  to  those  gentlemen 
who  have  assisted  him  in  his  labours,  but  it  affords  a 
perhaps  not  inappropriate  opportunity  for  him  to  pay  a 
tribute  of  gratitude  to  his  recently  deceased  friend  M. 
Meissonier,  without  whose  enthusiastic  encouragement  it 
is  probable  the  present  work  would  never  have  been 
undertaken. 

In  1882  he  invited  his  friends  to  attend  an  illustrated 
Lecture  given  in  his  studio  by  the  Author,  and  then 
referring  to  a  full  knowledge  of  a  subject  being  necessary 
for  it  to  be  truthfully  or  satisfactorily  translated  by  the 
artist,  declared  how  much  his  own  impression  of  a  horse's 


14 


ANIMAL  LOCOMOTION, 


motion  had  been  changed  after  having  carefully  studied 
its  consecutive  phases.  Attention  need  not  be  directed  to 
the  modifications  in  the  expression  of  animal  movements 
now  progressing  in  the  works  of  the  Painter  and  the 
Sculptor. 

The  investigations  of  the  Author  are  so  well  known,  and 
so  generally  recognised  as  affording  the  only  basis  of  truth- 
ful interpretation  or  accurate  criticism  of  Animal  Move- 
ment, that  it  is  unnecessary  to  quote  from  the  many 
elaborate  reviews  of  Animal  Locomotion,"  which  have 
been  published  in  the  American,  English,  French,  and 
German  Scientific,  Artistic,  and  other  Journals. 

For  the  value  of  the  present  work  to  the  general 
student  of  Nature  and  the  lover  of  Art,  no  less  than  to  the 
Artist  and  the  Archagologist,  the  Physiologist  and  the 
Anatomist,  it  is  with  much  pride  and  gratitude  that  he 
refers  to  the  annexed  list  of  some  of  his  European  sub- 
scribers. 

E.  M. 

10  Henrietta  Street, 

CovENT  Garden, 
London, 

Auijust  1891. 


SUBSCRIBERS. 


The  general  or  departmental  Libraries  of  the  following 


UNIVERSITIES. 


Amsterdam 

Glasgow 

Napoli 

Andrews,  St. 

Gottingen 

Oxford 

Basel 

Griefswald 

Padova 

Berlin 

Halle 

Pisa 

Bern 

Heidelberg 

Prag 

Bologna 

Innsbruck 

Roma 

Bonn 

Jena 

Rostock 

Breslau 

Kiel 

Strassburg 

Bruxelles 

Konigsberg 

Torino 

Edinburgh 

Leiden 

Tubingen 

Erlangen 

Leipzig 

Utrecht 

Freiburg 

Liege 

Wien 

Geneve 

Louvain 

Wiirzburg 

Genova 

Miinchen 

Zurich 

IMPERIAL,  NATIONAL,  OR  ROYAL  ACADEMIES  OF 
FINE  ARTS. 


Amsterdam  Breslau  Frankfurt 

Antwerpen  Bruxelles  Genova 

Berlin  Budapest  Gent 

Bern  Dresden  Leipzig 

Birmingham  Diisseldorf  Liege 

BologDPi  Firenzi  London 


16 


ANIMAL  LOCOMOTION, 


Manchester  Paris  Torino 

Milano  Praha  Venezia 

Miinchen  Eoma  {dc  France)  Wien 

Napoli  Sheffield  Zurich 

Architectural  Institute,  Miinchen 
Herkomer  School  of  Art,  Bushey 

ART  MUSEUMS. 
Amsterdam  Berlin  Budapest 

ARCHAEOLOGICAL  INSTITUTES  AND  MUSEUMS. 

Dresden  Leipzig  Wien 

Griefswald  Prag  Wiirzburg 

Heidelberg  Eostock  Ziirich 

Konigsberg  Strassburg 

INDUSTRIAL  ART  AND  SCIENCE  MUSEUMS. 

Berlin  Edinburgh  Paris 

Dublin  Kensington  Wien 

INDUSTRIAL  ART  SCHOOLS. 

Amsterdam  Budapest  Niirnberg 

Breslau  Frankfurt  Zurich 

LIBRARIES. 

The  Royal  Library,  Windsor  Castle 

Birmingham,  Free  Public  London,  British  Museum 

Edinburgh,  Advocates'  Manchester,  Free  Public 

Glasgow,  Mitchell  Free  Nottingham,  Free  Public 

Liverpool,  Free  Public  Paris,  National  Library 


LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS, 


17 


ANATOMICAL  INSTITUTES. 


-Del  11 

-L  rag 

Breslau 

Konigsberg 

Eostock 

Freiburg 

Leipzig 

Tubingen 

Halle 

Mlinchen 

Wlirzburg 

Innsbruck 

Pisa 

Zurich 

ROYAL  COLLEGES  OF  SURGEONS. 

Edinburgh 

London 

PHYSIOLOGICAL  INSTITUTES. 

Basel 

Gottingen 

Mlinchen 

Berlin 

Griefswald 

Napoli 

Bern 

Halle 

Prag 

Bologna 

Heidelberg 

Eostock 

Bonn 

Innsbriick 

Strassburg 

Breslau 

Jena 

Torino 

Bruxelles 

Kiel 

Tubingen 

Erlangen 

Konigsberg 

Wien 

Freiburg 

Leipzig 

Wlirzburg 

Geneva 

Louvain 

Zlirich 

Alfort 
Bern 


VETERINARY  INSTITUTES. 

Berlin 
Dresden 


Dresden 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL  MUSEUMS. 
Firenze 


ETHNOLOGICAL,  NATURAL  HISTORY,  AND  ZOOLOGICAL 
INSTITUTES  AND  MUSEUMS. 


Amsterdam 

Bruxelles 

Freiburg 


Kiel 

Leiden 

Liege 


Napoli 

Paris 

Eostock 


18 


ANIMAL  LOCOMOTION, 


PHYSICAL  INSTITUTES. 


Basel 
Bologna 
Bruxelles 
Geneve 

Berlin 
Firenze 


Cliarterliouse 
Clifton 

Dublin  (Trinity) 


Heidelberg 

Padova 

Prag 


COLLEGES. 

Eton 

Owens 

liossall 


Koma 

Eostock 

Utrecht 


Wellington 


POLYTECHNIC  HIGH  SCHOOLS. 

Wien 
Ziirich 


ROYAL  PORCELAIN  MANUFACTORIES. 
Berlin  Dresden 

ARTISTIC,  LITERARY  OR  SCIENTIFIC  CLUBS. 

Dlisseldorf,  Malkesten  London,  Athenmtm 

Glasgow,  Western  Eome,  Internazionale 


Agricultural  High  School  of  Berlin 

Faculty  of  Medicine  of  Paris 

Faculty  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Glasgow 

Psychological  Institute  of  Leipzig 

Eoyal  College  of  Physiciaiis,  Edinburgh 

Eoyal  Institution,  Edinburgh 

Eoyal  Dublin  Society 

Eoyal  Society  of  London 

The  names  and  works  of  the  following  subscribers  are 
so  well  known  that  the  Academical,  University,  and  other 
honourable  distinctions  appertaining  to  them  are  omitted, 
they  being  entirely  unnecessary  : — 


LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS. 


19 


ARTISTS, 

Architects^ 

Painters,  or  /Sculj^tors, 

Albano,  Salvatore 

Dalou,  Jules 

rAUemand,  Sigmund 

Dannat,  W.  T. 

Alma-Tadema,  L. 

Davinet,  E. 

Armitage,  E. 

Davis,  H.  W.  B. 

Barabino,  Nicolo 

Defregger,  Franz  von 

Becker,  Carl 

Detaille,  Edouard 

Beckmann  Lndwig 

Dicksee,  Frank 

Begas,  Reinhold 

Diez,  Rob. 

Benczur,  Gyula 

Diez,  Wm. 

Berger,  Julius 

Drion,  Prosper 

Bebrens,  Peter 

Dubois,  Paul 

Birch,  Chas.  B. 

Ebner,  L. 

Boehm,  Sir  J.  Edgar 

Eisenmenger,  August 

Bonnat,  Leon 

Ende,  Herm 

Bougliton,  Geo.  H. 

Ewald,  Ernst 

Bouguereau,  W.  A. 

Faed,  Thomas 

Braith,  Anton 

Falguiere 

Brandt,  Josef  von 

Fildes,  Luke 

Brausewetter,  Otto. 

Ford,  E.  Onslow 

Bridgman,  F.  A. 

Fremiet,  M. 

Brock,  Tbos. 

Frith,  W.  P. 

Canneel 

Gallegos,  Jose 

Garland,  Onorato 

Garnier,  Charles 

Carolus-Durand 

Gehrts,  Joh. 

Cavallucci,  0.  Jacopo 

Gelli,  Edouardo 

Cavelier,  P.  J. 

Gerome,  Jean  Leon 

Charlton,  John 

Gilbert,  Alfred 

Clay,  Sir  Arthur 

Gilbert,  Sir  John 

Coleman,  Chas.  Caryl 

Goodall,  Fredk. 

Coleman,  Enrico 

Gordigiani,  Michele 

Colin,  Paul 

Gow,  Andrew  C. . 

Conti,  Tito 

Grosse,  Th. 

Costa,  Giovanni 

Griitzner,  Eduard 

Crowe,  Eyre 

Guignard,  Gaston 

20 


ANIMAL  LOCOMOTION, 


Gysis,  N. 
Hammer,  Carl 
Haliser,  0. 
Hebert,  Ernesto 
Herkomer,  Hubert 
Hess,  Anton 
Higgins,  A. 
Hlibner,  Eduard 
Hmit,  Holman 
Janssen,  Pet. 
Kampf,  Arthur 
Kaulbach,  F.  A.  von 
Kips,  A. 
Kirclibacli,  Fr. 
Klein-  Chevalier 
Knaus,  Ludwig 
Knight,  Ridgway 
Knille,  Otto 
Koehler,  Robert 
Kopf,  Joseph 
Kowalski,  A.  von 
Kroner,  Ch. 
Kruse,  Max 
Kuehl,  G. 
Klihn,  H. 

Leighton,  Sir  Frederick 
Lenbach,  Franz  R.  von 
Linton,  Sir  James  D. 
Lofftz,  Ludwig  R.  von 
Long,  Edwin 
Lotz,  Carl 
Lucas,  Seymour 
Luthmer,  F. 
MacWhirter,  John 
Marks,  H.  Stacy 


Marshall,  W.  Calder 
Mauri er,  George  du 
Max,  Gabriel 
Meeks,  Eugene 
Meissonier 
Menzel 

Meyerheim,  Paul 
Millais,  Sir  John  E. 
Miller,  Ferdinand  R.  von 
Molkenbaer,  H.  B.  G. 
Moore,  Henry 
Morelli,  D. 
Morot,  Aime 
Muller,  Carl 
Munkacsy,  Mich,  de 
Murgatroyd,  J. 
Miitzel,  G. 
Nieper,  Ludw. 
Orchardson,  W.  Q. 
Otto,  Heinrich 
Ouless,  W.  W. 
Papperitz,  Georg 
Parsons,  Alfred 
Passini,  Ludwig 
Piglhein,  Bruno 
Portaels 

Powers,  Longworth 
Poynter,  E.  J. 
Prell,  H. 
Preyer,  Ernest 
Puvis,  de  Chavennes 
Richmond,  W.  B. 
Rivalta,  Augusto 
Riviere,  Briton 
Robert-Fleury,  Tony 


LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS. 


21 


Eodin,  A. 

Teschendorf,  E. 

EoU 

Thiersch,  Fredk. 

Both,  Ch. 

Thoma,  Hans 

Elimann,  Willi. 

Thornycroft,  Hamo 

Sant,  James 

TJhde,  F.  von 

Sarti,  Diego 

Vibert,  J.  G. 

Scliaper,  F. 

Vinea,  Francesco 

Schill,  Adolf 

Vriendt,  de  Jules 

Schilling,  Joliannes 

Vuillefroy,  F.  de 

Severn,  Arthur 

Wagner,  Alex. 

Siemering,  R 

Watts,  George  F. 

Six,  J. 

Weeks,  E.  L. 

Sommer 

Weishaupt,  Victor 

Stieler,  Eugen  von 

Wells,  Hy.  T. 

Story,  W.  W. 

Werner,  A.  von 

Sturgess,  John 

Whistler,  J.  McNeil 

Siis,  Wilh. 

Woolner,  Thos. 

Swan,  John  M. 

Zimmermann,  Ernst 

Taylor,  Edw.  E. 

Zligel,  H. 

ARCH^OLOGISTS,  MEN  OF  LETTERS,  AUTHORS  OF 
ART  WORKS,  ETC. 

Graf,  T.  T. 
Hirschfeld,  Gustav 
Holmes,  Eichard  E. 
Kekule,  Prof. 
Klein,  Wilhelm 
Korte,  G. 
Michaelis,  Ad. 
Muntz,  Eugene 
Obreen,  Fr.  D.  0. 
Overbeck,  Johannes 
Pietsch,  Ludwig 
Preuner,  A. 


Ball,  Valentine 
Berndorf,  Otto 
Berlepsch,  H.  E.  von 
Bullen,  George 
Coleman,  Alexander 
Dickson,  Wm.  P. 
Donnelly,  Genl. 
Duhn,  F.  von 
Duplessis,  Georges 
Eaton,  Fredk.  A. 
Evans,  John 
Falke,  J. 


22 


ANIMAL  LOCOMOTION. 


Pulszky,  Karoli 

Ruskin,  Jolin 

Sambuy,  Conte  Ernesto  di 

Sclirieber,  Th. 

Sittl,  K. 

Smith,  Genl.  Sir  R.  M. 


Sutton,  Chas.  W. 
Tedder,  Hy.  R. 
Thode,  H. 
Treu,  Georg 
Webster,  H.  A. 
Wolff,  Albert 


PHYSIOLOGISTS. 


Albertoni,  Pietro 
Albini 
Aubert,  H. 
Bernstein,  J. 
Biedermann,  W. 
du  Bois-Reymond 
Brown-Sequard 
Ewald,  R. 
Exner,  Sigmund 
Fano,  Giulio 
Pick,  A. 
Gaule,  J. 
Goltz,  P. 
Griitzner,  P. 
Heidenliain,  R. 
Hensen,  V. 
Hering,  Ewald 
Hermann,  L. 
Kries,  J.  von 


Kronecker,  H. 
Kuhne,  W. 
Landois,  L. 
Luciani,  Luigi 
Ludwig,  C. 
Marey,  E.  J. 
Masoin,  E. 
Meissner,  G. 
Miescher,  P. 
Moleschott,  Senator  J. 
Mosso,  A. 
Munk,  Hermann 
Pettigrew,  J.  Bell 
Pfluger,  E. 
Rosenthal,  I. 
Schiff,  M. 
Slosse,  A. 

Vintschgau,  M.  von 
Voit,  0.  von 


Braune,  Wilh. 
Br  mm,  A.  von 
Cleland,  John 
Eisler,  P. 


ANATOMISTS. 

Flemming,  W. 
Hasse,  0. 
Henke,  W.  J. 
Humphry,  G.  M. 


LIST  OF  SUBSCRIBERS. 


Kolliker  A.  von 
Marshall,  John 
Eabl 
Komiti 
Eoux,  W. 
Eiickert,  J. 
Schwalbe,  G. 


Stieda,  L. 
Stohr,  Ph. 
Strasser,  H. 
Thanhoffer,  L.  von 
Van  Beneden,  Edouard 
Virchow,  Hans 
Wiedersheim 


ANTHROPOLOGISTS,  BIOLOGISTS,  PALEONTOLOGISTS. 
ZOOLOGISTS,  ETC. 


Acland,  Sir  H.  W. 
Barrier,  Gustave 
Blochmann,  F. 
Bowman,  Sir  Wm. 
Brandt,  K.  E. 
Carpenter,  P.  Herbert 
Darwin,  Francis 
Flower,  W.  H. 
Galton,  Francis 
Glinther,  Albert 
Hartog,  Marcus 
Haughton,  Saml. 
Hollis,  W.  A. 
Huxley,  T.  H. 
Jensink,  F.  A. 
Kerbert,  0. 
Lankester,  E.  Eay 
Lubbock,  Sir  John 
Mantegazza,  Senator 


Meyer,  A.  B. 
Milne-Edwards 
Mivart,  St.  George 
Miillenhoff 
Miiller,  Max 
Newton,  Alfred 
Owen,  Sir  Eichard 
Pasteur,  L. 
Eomanes,  Geo.  J. 
Schmidt,  Emil 
Schiitz 
Sorby,  H.  C. 
Swinhoe,  Chas. 
Van  Wulverhorst 
Virchow,  Rudolf 
Weismann,  August 
Wundt,  W. 
Yseux 

Zittell,  C.  A.  von 


24 


ANIMAL  LOCOMOTION. 


PHYSICISTS,  ETC. 


-    Abney,  Capt.  W.  de  W. 
Bellati 

Blazerna,  Pietro 
Bramwell,  Sir  Fredk. 
Bunsen,  E. 
Ditscheiner,  L. 
Glaisher,  James 
Hagenbacli-Bischoff 
Helmtioltz,  H.  von 
Huggins,  Wm, 
Julius,  V.  A. 
Macli,  E. 


Matthiessen,  L. 
Moss,  Eich.  J. 
Quincke,  Georg 
Eiglii,  Aagusto 
Eoiti,  Antonio 
Eousseau,  E. 
Soret,  0. 

Tissandier,  Gaston 
Thomson,  Sir  Wm. 
Vogel,  H.  W. 
Weber,  H.  F. 


Moltke,  Field  Marshal  Count  von 
Portland,  The  Duke  of 
Wharncliffe,  The  Earl  of 
York,  The  Archbishop  of 


